CHAPTER 6

Instructional Planning and Development 

Summary

        There are types of instructional planning framework and few of them are the traditional, Outcomes-based Education (OBE) and the Understanding by Design (UBD). The traditional framework involves these following steps: Select a topic from the curriculum, Design the instructional activities, Design and give assessment, Give grade or feedback, and Move on to new topic. On the other hand, the OBE and the UBD uses this framework: Select standards that the students need to know, Design an assessment through which students will have an opportunity to demonstrate those things, Decide learning opportunities that will allow students to learn those things and plan appropriate instruction to assure that each student has adequate opportunities to learn and use data from the assessment to give feedback, reteach or move on to next topic. When we compare these two, we will notice that the second framework is more specific and organized than that of the first.

        The Outcomes-based Education has a feature, “design down”, which means that in OBE you determine first the targets of the learning outcomes before you design instruction. Also in the Understanding by Design it has its feature, the backward design, which is like OBE, the first step in UbD is identifying results. The UBD involves questions that leads to the understanding of the lesson for the students and serves as the manual for the teachers on how to instill understanding to the learners. It has three stages, the Desired result, Assessment evidence and the Learning Plan. Both of these are only some of the teaching-learning approaches that are being used in todays  way of teaching.

        In planning and organizing an Instructional Plan,  there are twelve (12) key points to remember. First, Our daily teaching-learning is supposed to contribute to the realization of the vision statement of the DepEd. Second, If you belong in a private institution, bear in mind the vision-mission statement of your school in addition to that of DepEd’s vision and mission statement. Third Consider too the Philippine Qualifications Framework (PQF), the framework issued through Executive Order No. 83 by the office of the president on October 1, 2012. It involves the qualification of a Grade 10 and 12 graduates must acquire. Fourth, these Grade 10 and 12 qualifications laid down in the PQF flow into the standards that are contained in the Curriculum Guide for K to 12. These standards are in different levels– learning area standards, key stage standards and grade level standards. Fifth, Our instructional planning is supposed to begin with a study of the K to 12 Curriculum Guide. Sixth, which instructional plan you are going to prepare depends on what your school requires. Seventh, Apply all the principles of teaching and learning that you have learned in Principles of Teaching 1 and the research—based instructional strategies discussed in Chapter 4. As you plan instruction you should also be guided by the same guiding principles upon which the K to 12 Curriculum Guide was developed. Eighth, Always begin with end in mind. Ninth, Do assessments to ensure learning. Tenth, Give your students opportunity to assess themselves. Eleventh, You teach two knowledge: declarative and procedural knowledge. and Lastly, Don’t forget that part of instructional planning is utilization of assessment results.

        A Lesson Plan is considered as the teacher’s instructional plan or learning because it contains how he or she delivers his or her lesson. A lesson plan has elements. Dr. Madeline Hunter’s research indicates that effective teacher usually include the following elements in their lessons: Anticipatory set, Purpose, Input, Modeling, Guided Practice, Checking for Understanding, Independent Practice and  Closure. For UbD, the parts of an instructional plan follow the acronym W.H.E.R.E.T.O. W- Where and Why, H- Hook and Hold, E- Explore and Experience, Enable and Equip, R- Reflect, Rethink, Revise,  E- Self-Evaluation, T- Tailor and Personalize the Work and O- Organize for Optimal Effectiveness.

        In lesson plan development, there are also types of instructions. The Direct (Deductive) and Indirect (Inductive) Instruction. In direct (deductive) instruction, teaching begins with the rule, generalization, abstraction or principle and ends with examples and details. In indirect (inductive) instruction, you begin your lesson with concrete experiences, details, examples and assists students to discover and give the real generalization and abstraction. There are 4 As in the andragogy that is advocated by Malcolm Knowles. They are the Activity, Analysis, Abstraction and Application.  

Reflection

        This Chapter introduces me on how to organize an instructional plan and also informed me on what are the things that I am going to consider in making one. I find the second framework, the one which is used in the UBD and the OBE. It is because the framework is focused on the outcome not only in the content of the lesson. It also starts in having a clear end or goal in mind. By that, the students will be informed and will be able to prepare themselves on what they are expected to know and do after they are taught. The UBD framework is one of its examples. The stages in the UBD guide the teacher on how to instill understanding on the lesson. Understanding creates long term results. If it can be achieved fully, the learners will be able to apply it later in real life scenarios or in future use. Memorization may be effective but understanding is a lot better.

        Applying the key points in making a lesson plan is necessary for me, who is a future teacher, for my teaching learning process to be effective, meet the vision and goals of the DepEd and also the institution, as well as to produce globally competent and wholistic individuals. The daily teaching-learning is supposed to contribute to the realization of the vision statement of the DepEd for us to meet its purpose. Every educational institution in the country is under the supervision of this department. If someday I will be teaching in a private institution I will consider my institution’s vision and mission goals also to that of DepEds. K to 12 is the newly implemented curriculum and in order for me to be aligned with its objectives, I will follow the Philippine Qualifications Framework  for me to be informed on what to teach and where to lead the students. I also knew what is inside the K to 12 Curriculum Guide as well as its standards, the Learning Area standards, Key Stage standards and the Grade level standards which is more specific than of the two. Studying the Curriculum guide will also help a lot. The instructional plan must also meet the requirement of the school. The objective of an institution serves as its purpose that’s why it is a must to achieve those. Applying all learning in the Principle of Teaching 1 up to now will give me lots of benefits. Also I will start in my plan in having a clear end in mind as well as conduct assessments to ensure learning.

        The elements of the lesson plan will also serve as my basis. It involves short activities, explanation of the importance of the lesson, vocabulary, skills and concepts to be learned, demonstrates what is to be learned, leads the students through the steps necessary to perform the skill, uses variety of questioning strategies to determine the students’ understanding and even releases the students to practice on their own and review or wrap-up of the lesson. Also, my teaching process will either be a deductive instruction or an inductive instruction.

        I will bear in mind these key points to remember and also try my best to remember everything that are being tackled in this chapter because it gave me the tips on how to make an effective instructional plan or the lesson plan which serves as the guide in planning and organizing our instruction.

         

What will happen if a teacher just delivers his or her instruction without considering something?

If the DepEd’s  vision-mission statement is not reflected in the instruction, what will be the results?